{"id":52,"date":"2013-11-16T17:54:11","date_gmt":"2013-11-16T17:54:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/?page_id=52"},"modified":"2025-02-05T18:56:14","modified_gmt":"2025-02-05T16:56:14","slug":"hb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/hb\/","title":{"rendered":"Health Behavior"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0The <\/span>H<\/span>ealth <\/span>A<\/span>ction <\/span>P<\/span>rocess <\/span>A<\/span>pproach (HAPA)<\/span><\/p>\n

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Multilingual Intervention Materials (2014)<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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8-min HAPA Video<\/strong><\/a><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n
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HAPA Figures to copy and paste (pdf)<\/a><\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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Slides \u00a0 (pdf)<\/a><\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n
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Materials and Guidelines<\/a>\u00a0(2003) (pdf)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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Health Behaviors and Perceived \u00a0 Self-Efficacy<\/a>\u00a0(2007)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n
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Assessment \u00a0 Tools<\/a>\u00a0(2007) \u00a0 (in German)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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Overview of 7 Studies<\/a>\u00a0(2008)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n
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Assessment \u00a0 Tools<\/a>\u00a0(2007) English<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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HAPA \u00a0 Interview (2007)<\/a>\u00a0(pdf)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n
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Publications<\/a>\u00a0(of Health Psych Unit)<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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The Health Action Process Approach \u00a0(HAPA) suggests that the adoption, initiation, and maintenance of health behaviours must be explicitly conceived as a process that consists of at least a motivation phase and a volition phase. The latter might be further subdivided into a planning phase, action<\/span>\u00a0 phase, and maintenance phase. It is claimed that perceived self-efficacy\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/span> plays a crucial role at all stages along with other cognitions (Bandura, 1997). For\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 example, risk perceptions<\/i><\/b> serve predominantly to set the stage for a\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 contemplation process early in the motivation phase but do not extend beyond. Similarly, outcome\u00a0 expectancies<\/i><\/b> are chiefly important in the motivation phase when individuals\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 balance the pros and cons of certain consequences of behaviours, but they lose their\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 predictive power after a personal decision has been made. However, if one does not believe\u00a0<\/span>in one’s capability to perform a desired action, one will fail to adopt, initiate and\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 maintain it.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\"HAPA<\/p>\n

The Motivation Phase<\/i><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

In the motivation phase, the individual forms an<\/span>
\n intention to either adopt a precaution measure or change risk behaviours in favour of\u00a0<\/span>other behaviours. Self-efficacy and outcome expectancies are seen as the major predictors<\/span>
\n of intentions. Most previous models treat these two as being unrelated predictors.\u00a0<\/span>However, there might be a temporal and causal order among them. Outcome expectancies can\u00a0<\/span>be seen as precursors of self-efficacy because people usually make assumptions about the\u00a0<\/span>possible consequences of behaviours before inquiring whether they can really take the\u00a0<\/span>action themselves. If self-efficacy is specified as a mediator between outcome\u00a0<\/span>expectancies and intention, the direct influence of outcome expectancy on intention may\u00a0<\/span>dissipate. But the research findings on this issue are very inconsistent, rendering both<\/span>
\n cognitions primary candidates for motivating change. Under conditions where individuals\u00a0<\/span>have no experience with the behaviour they are contemplating, we assume that outcome<\/span>
\n expectancies may have a stronger direct influence than self-efficacy. Only after a\u00a0<\/span>sufficient level of experience is attained does self-efficacy become more influential in\u00a0<\/span>forming an intention.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>The influential role of risk perception (or threat)\u00a0<\/span>in the motivation and volition process may have been overestimated in past research and\u00a0<\/span>interventions. Fear appeals are of limited value; rather, the message has to be framed in\u00a0<\/span>a way that allows individuals to draw on their coping resources and to exercise skills in\u00a0<\/span>order to control health threats. In persuasive communications, a focus should be made on\u00a0<\/span>self-percepts of personal coping capabilities to manage effective precaution strategies.\u00a0<\/span>This suggests a causal order where threat is specified as a distal antecedent that helps<\/span>
\n to stimulate outcome expectancies which further stimulate self-efficacy. A minimum level\u00a0<\/span>of threat or concern must exist before people start contemplating the benefits of possible\u00a0<\/span>actions and ruminate their competence to actually perform them. <\/span>The direct path from\u00a0<\/span>threat to intention may become negligible if expectancies are already well established.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>In establishing a rank order among the three direct\u00a0 paths that lead to intention, it is assumed that self-efficacy and outcome expectancies\u00a0 dominate, whereas threat (or risk perceptions) may fail to contribute any additional\u00a0 direct influence. As indirect factors, however, threat may be of considerable significance\u00a0within the motivation phase. The particular context and one’s personal experience play a\u00a0 role and may change the pattern of weights.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The Volition Phase <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0It is common knowledge that good intentions do not\u00a0 necessarily guarantee corresponding actions. Correlations between intentions and\u00a0 behaviours vary tremendously. While in the motivation phase it is described what People\u00a0 choose to do, in the subsequent action or volition phase it is described how hard they try\u00a0 and how long they persist. The right-hand part of Figure 1 consists of three levels:\u00a0cognitive, behavioural, and situational. The focus is on cognitions that instigate and\u00a0 control the action, i.e., a volitional or self-regulative process which is subdivided into\u00a0 action plans and action control.\u00a0<\/span>When a preference for a particular health behaviour\u00a0 has been shaped, the intention has to be transformed into detailed instructions of how to\u00a0\u00a0 perform the desired action. If, for example, someone intends to lose weight, it has to be\u00a0 planned how to do it, i.e., what foods to buy, when and how often to eat which amounts,\u00a0 when and where to exercise, and maybe even whether to give up smoking as well. Thus, a\u00a0 global intention can be specified by a set of subordinate intentions and action plans that\u00a0 contain proximal goals and algorithms of action sequences. The volition process is hardly\u00a0 influenced by outcome expectancies, but more strongly by self-efficacy, since the number
\nand quality of action plans are dependent on one’s perceived competence and experience.
\nSelf-efficacy beliefs influence the cognitive construction of specific action plans, for\u00a0 example by visualizing scenarios that may guide goal attainment. These postdecisional\u00a0 preactional cognitions are necessary because otherwise the person would act impulsively in\u00a0 a trial-and-error fashion and would not know where to allocate the available resources.\u00a0<\/span>Once an action has been initiated, it has to be controlled by cognitions in order to be maintained. The action has to be protected from\u00a0 being interrupted and abandoned prematurely due to incompatible competing intentions which\u00a0 may become dominant while a behaviour is being performed. Meta-cognitive activity is\u00a0 needed to complete the primary action and to suppress distracting secondary Action\u00a0 tendencies. Daily physical exercise, for example, requires self-regulatory processes in\u00a0 order to secure effort and persistence and to keep other motivational tendencies at a\u00a0 distance (such as the desire to eat, socialize, or sleep) until these tendencies can\u00a0 prevail for a limited time period.\u00a0<\/span>When an action is being performed, self-efficacy\u00a0 determines the amount of effort invested and the perseverance. People with self-doubts are\u00a0 more inclined to anticipate failure scenarios, worry about possible performance\u00a0deficiencies, and abort their attempts prematurely. People with an optimistic sense of\u00a0self-efficacy, however, visualize success scenarios that guide the action and let them\u00a0persevere in face of obstacles. When running into unforeseen difficulties they quickly\u00a0recover.\u00a0<\/span>Performing an intended health behaviour is an action,\u00a0 just as is refraining from a risk behaviour. The suppression of health-detrimental Actions\u00a0 requires effort and persistence as well, and therefore is also guided by a volitional\u00a0 process that includes action plans and action control. If one intends to quit smoking or\u00a0 drinking, one has to plan how to do it. For example, it is important to avoid high-risk\u00a0 situations where the pressures to relapse are overwhelming. Attaining proximal subgoals\u00a0 helps increase the difficulty level of situations until one can resist under all possible\u00a0circumstances. If someone is craving a cigarette or a drink, action control helps him or\u00a0her to survive the critical situation. For example, individuals can make favourable social
\ncomparisons, refer to their self-concept, or simply pull themselves together. The more\u00a0<\/span>these meta-cognitive skills and internal coping dialogues are developed and the better\u00a0they are matched to specific risk situations, the easier the urges can be controlled.\u00a0Self-efficacy helps to reestablish the perseverant efforts needed for the accomplishment\u00a0of self-imposed goals.\u00a0<\/span>Finally, situational barriers as well as\u00a0 opportunities have to be considered. If situational cues are overwhelming, meta-cognitive\u00a0 skills fail to protect the individual and the temptation cannot be resisted. Actions are\u00a0 not only a function of intentions and cognitive control, but are also influenced by the\u00a0 perceived and the actual environment. A social network, for example, that ignores the\u00a0 coping process of a quitter by smoking in his presence, creates a difficult stress\u00a0<\/span>situation which taxes the quitter’s volitional strength. If, on the other hand, a spouse\u00a0decides to quit too, then a social support situation is created that enables the quitter\u00a0to remain abstinent in spite of lower levels of volitional strength.\u00a0<\/span>In sum, the action phase can be described along three\u00a0 levels: cognitive, behavioural, and situational. The cognitive level refers to\u00a0<\/span>self-regulatory processes that mediate between the intentions and the actions. This\u00a0volitional process contains action plans and action control and is strongly influenced by\u00a0perceived self-efficacy, but also by perceived situational barriers and support.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Multilingual Intervention Materials (2014) 8-min HAPA Video HAPA Figures to copy and paste (pdf) Slides \u00a0 (pdf) Materials and Guidelines\u00a0(2003) (pdf) Health Behaviors and Perceived \u00a0 Self-Efficacy\u00a0(2007) Assessment \u00a0 Tools\u00a0(2007) \u00a0 (in German) Overview of 7 Studies\u00a0(2008) Assessment \u00a0 Tools\u00a0(2007) English HAPA \u00a0 Interview (2007)\u00a0(pdf) Publications\u00a0(of Health Psych Unit) … Continue reading Health Behavior<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-52","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P8mPgg-Q","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/52","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/52\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":730,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/52\/revisions\/730"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyc.de\/WORDPRESS\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}